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Hong Kong - Few events will be as significant for the world in the next 15 years as China opening its capital borders, a shift that economists and regulators across the world are now starting to grapple with.
With China’s leadership aiming to scale back the role of investment in the domestic economy, the nation’s surfeit of savings - deposits currently stand at $21trn - will increasingly need to be deployed overseas. That’s also becoming easier, as Premier Li Keqiang relaxes capital-flow regulations.
The consequences ultimately could rival the transformation wrought by the Communist nation’s fusion with the global trading system, capped by its 2001 World Trade Organisation (WTO) entry. That stage saw goods made cheaper across the world, boosting the purchasing power of low-income families at the cost of hollowed-out industries.
Some changes are easy to envision: watch out for Mao Zedong’s visage on banknotes as the yuan makes its way into more corners of the globe. China’s giant banks will increasingly dot New York, London and Tokyo skylines, joining US, European and Japanese names. Property prices from California to Sydney to Southeast Asia already have seen the influence of Chinese buying.
Other shifts are tougher to gauge. International investors including pension funds, which have had limited entry to China to date, will pour in, clouding how big a net money exporter China will be. Deutsche Bank AG is among those foreseeing mass net outflows, which could go to fund large-scale infrastructure, or stoke asset prices by depressing long-term borrowing costs.
‘Historic proportions’
“This era will be marked by China shifting from a large net importer of capital to one of the world’s largest exporters of capital,” Charles Li, chief executive officer of Hong Kong Exchanges & Clearing, the city’s stock market, wrote in a blog this month. Eventually, there will be “fund outflows of historic proportions, driven by China’s needs to deploy and diversify its national wealth to the global markets,” he wrote.
The continuing opening of China’s capital account will also promote the trading of commodities in yuan, and boost China’s ability to influence their prices, according to an analysis by Bloomberg Intelligence.
As was the case with China’s WTO entry, where many of the hurdles had been cleared in the years leading up to 2001, policy makers in Beijing have been easing restrictions on the currency, the flow of money and interest rates for years. What’s making 2015 notable is the International Monetary Fund’s once-in-five-year review of its basket of reserve currencies. China wants in, and is accelerating reforms to get there.
Offshore centres
Recent steps to promote its currency have included setting up five offshore yuan centres, a new link between the Shanghai and Hong Kong stock exchanges and letting the tightly controlled yuan trade against the dollar in a wider band. It has promised to remove a cap on interest paid to savers.
“The integration of China - the world’s second-largest economy with the highest saving rate but still a low per capita income - into the global capital markets is an unprecedented event,” China International Capital economists led by Beijing-based Liang Hong wrote in a note this month.
There are already signs of that potential. Chinese buyers topped Canadians to rank as the biggest foreign purchasers of US homes by sales and dollar volume in the year through March, accounting for more than a quarter of all international spending.
Moving abroad
Lenders are speeding up their ambitions: Bank of Communications, China’s fifth-largest lender, is making its first overseas acquisition by buying a lender in Brazil, while China Construction Bank plans to open branches in Europe, Southeast Asia and Africa.
The global community is watching. US Treasury Secretary Jacob Lew said after meetings this week between US and Chinese officials that China is committed to pushing through necessary reforms to liberalise interest rates, open capital markets and open up more to foreign enterprises. The US wants more access to the world’s second-biggest economy for its financial firms, something that’s been elusive since China’s WTO entry.
Few expect the yuan to soon threaten the dollar’s role as the global reserve currency, with a wave of domestic reforms needed first up to reassure international investors - such as bolstering liquidity in the local bond market.
While US policy makers are betting that a more open China will ease currency tensions between the two nations, any rapid depreciation in the yuan could trigger large-scale capital outflows, prompting intervention and new restrictions from China’s policy makers.
US friendly
“If they’re going to be gradually opening up to be like the US, then vast amounts of money are going to flow overseas,” said David Dollar, who served as US Treasury attaché in China and is now a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington. “I would speculate that it favours the US over everything else.”
Other nations, from Argentina to South Korea, have suffered whiplash from volatile capital flows after they eased restrictions. While China is unlikely to tear down the barricades altogether, the opening of the nation’s capital borders will reverberate across the world.
“I don’t think you can find any significant economic system where deposits in the banking system are twice GDP,” said Nicholas Lardy, who has studied China for more than three decades and is a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics. “That’s the potential.”
