Publications
Partners
"A wise general makes a point of foraging on the enemy," according to the Chinese general Sun Tzu. "One cartload of the enemy’s provisions is equivalent to 20 of one’s own."
The lesson of that maxim - that leaders need to pay close attention to the economics of conflict, and make sure that costs are imposed more on the enemy than the home front - holds as true today as it did two-and-a-half millennia ago. Washington doesn’t appear to be listening.
The White House’s promise to impose 10% tariffs on $200bn of Chinese goods on top of the existing $50bn issued this week - with an option to add a further $200bn on top of that - would put almost the entirety of the US’s $526bn of imports from China in jeopardy.
That may look like a strong move. China, with only $155bn or so of imports from the US, simply doesn’t have enough trade to respond in kind. In truth, however, the big numbers conceal some deep weaknesses.
To see why, consider Sun Tzu. The initial lists put out by US trade representative Robert Lighthizer have been surgical in targeting only goods that can avoid a widespread popular backlash against President Donald Trump’s trade policies.
Most of the 1 102 products on the latest tally are intermediate goods such as storage heaters and lubricating oils, whose raised costs are unlikely ever to directly hit consumers’ hip pockets.
The exceptions threatened to date have tended to be rarely purchased durable goods (such as the washing machines that have risen 17% in price since tariffs were imposed in a separate move in January), or products such as flat-screen televisions that have become dramatically cheaper over the past decade.
In both cases, the products are ones where average Americans might be expected to initially miss the pain of rising costs. Flat-screen TVs were removed from Lighthizer’s most recent list after consultation with industry.
In other words, Lighthizer has been ensuring that his trade armies forage on the enemy. The tariffs will hurt the revenues of Chinese exporters, as higher prices damp demand while US wholesalers switch to other countries wherever substitution is possible.
By avoiding swathes of consumer products, meanwhile, he’s limited the risk of popular discontent.
The problem is that the US is at a strategic disadvantage on this front. As we’ve written before, China’s exports to the US tend to be consumer goods, while trade in the opposite direction is weighted toward raw materials and intermediate parts. That means Lighthizer is already close to or past the limit where he can raise prices on Chinese products without American voters noticing.
What are the next major categories of goods where the US can impose further tariffs? Mobile phones, with $73bn of imports from China in 2017, would be next on the list, followed by computers and accessories; furniture and mattresses; toys and games; clothing and shoes; and televisions. The six categories together amount to another $273bn.
Such action would smack Middle America between the eyes, and Washington could be expected to do its utmost to avoid it. But the wiggle room is limited, as the Council on Foreign Relations' Brad Setser has pointed out.
While it’s possible in theory to compile the next $200bn hit list by imposing levies on almost every traded item other than those big six consumer categories, there’s no way to reach Trump’s final total without doing so.
Look at how the two commanders-in-chief are arraying their armies and you should be concerned about America’s ability to withstand attack.
The careful curation of Lighthizer’s existing lists suggests a general aware of his weaknesses on the home front who is following orders from a commander oblivious to the risks.
Should the trade war begin in earnest, Washington had better be ready with an explanation for the rising cost of living and decline in farm exports ahead of November’s midterm elections.
Meanwhile, China’s domestic industrial machine - which managed to offset the wrenching export declines from the 2008 financial crisis without pushing economic growth below 6% - is roaring in readiness.
Steel production in May rose 12% from a year earlier, the fastest pace in five years, while thermal electricity output climbed 10%. That stimulus may worsen China’s economic imbalances and harm the global climate, but - combined with the relative immunity from popular anger you’d expect in an authoritarian state - should keep the nation strong as the trade battle heats up.
It may well be that the White House’s latest threat is no more than a gambit. America’s consumers had better hope so. If not, the front line of this conflict is coming to their hip pockets.
* Sign up to Fin24's top news in your inbox: SUBSCRIBE TO FIN24 NEWSLETTER
