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Global stocks were slammed on Monday and the United States dollar was battered after emergency rate cuts in the US and New Zealand and a series of steps by policymakers worldwide failed to stem the rout in markets spooked by the broadening fallout of the coronavirus.
US stock futures plunged 4.8 percent to hit their lower limit allowed by regulators before daybreak in Singapore. The US dollar sank more than 2 percent against the yen.
Australia's benchmark stock index fell 7 percent in the first quarter-hour of trade before paring some of the losses. The price of US crude oil fell 5 percent to less than $30 per barrel.
New Zealand shares were down 3 percent. Japan's Nikkei was up 0.1 percent after a more than 6 percent decline on Friday to the lowest since late 2016. South Korea's KOSPI was a shade weaker.
That left MSCI's index of Asia-Pacific shares outside Japan off 0.5 percent to a level not seen since early 2017.
The US Federal Reserve, also commonly known as the Fed, cut interest rates by 100 basis points on Sunday to a target range of 0 percent to 0.25 percent. It said it would expand its balance sheet by at least $700bn in coming weeks.
"It may be a shot in the arm for risk assets and help to address liquidity concerns ... however, it also raises the question of whether the Fed has anything left in the tank should the spread of the virus not be contained," said Kerry Craig, global market strategist at JP Morgan Asset Management.
"We really need to see the fiscal side...to prevent a longer than needed economic slowdown."
New Zealand's central bank also slashed interest rates by 75 basis points, sinking the country's currency, as it prepared for a "significant" hit to the economy.
US Treasuries futures jumped more than a full point.
E-mini futures for the S&P 500 index dropped 4.77 percent to their daily trading limit outside the United States.
Lockdowns and travel bans spread across the globe over the weekend, affecting tens of millions of people.
"(The Fed) must really be scared. To do that in one fell swoop is really quite shocking," said Robert Pavlik, chief investment strategist at Slatestone Wealth LLC in New York.
"They pulled out whatever weapons they had and my sense is I think it may help initially but I don’t think it goes much further because this is still a developing issue. They used up basically all their ammunition and we’re down to sticks and stones."
Five other central banks also cut pricing on their swap lines to make it easier to provide dollars to their financial institutions facing stress in credit markets.
The swap lines were set up by the Federal Reserve, the Bank of Canada, European Central Bank, Bank of England, Bank of Japan and Swiss National Bank during the financial crisis. They also agreed to offer three-month credit in US dollars on a regular basis and at a rate cheaper than usual.
The move was designed to bring down the price banks and companies pay to access US dollars, which has surged in recent weeks as the pandemic spooked investors.
US President Donald Trump called the move "terrific" and "very good news."
Along with the New Zealand cut, Australia's central bank poured $3.6bn in liquidity into the country's financial system.
"Global markets have dislocated further with increasing signs of stress in some markets, sharply reduced liquidity, and price action hinting at forced selling," RBC economist Su-lin Ong said in a note.
"Beyond just a tightening of financial conditions, the risk is these moves worsen a real economy already struggling with the onset of COVID-19," she added.
In currency markets, the US dollar was last down 0.9 percent on the Japanese yen at 106.86, having fallen 1.7 percent earlier in the day . The euro climbed 0.1 percent to $1.1119.
The risk-sensitive Australian dollar fell 0.5 percent to $0.6163 while the New Zealand dollar slipped 0.3 percent to $0.6040. Oil prices fell about 5 percent and gold rose.
Brent crude was last off $1.17, or 3.5 percent, to $32.68 per barrel while US crude slipped 73 cents, or 2.3 percent to $31 a barrel.
