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Washington - Americans have been stepping up efforts to keep their data private since the revelations about vast US government surveillance programs, a survey showed on Monday.
The Pew Research Centre survey showed 30% of US adults had taken steps to shield their information from unwanted attention.
And 22% said that they have changed how they use technology or social media since the leaks by former National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden in June 2013.
Lee Rainie, who heads internet studies at Pew, said the survey showed Americans are "adjusting some activity at least in some simple ways like changing their privacy settings and being a bit more discreet in the things they say and search for".
About one in six said they had changed how they use email, search engines or social media, Pew found. Others said they had made changes in their use of cellphones, mobile apps, texting or landline telephone use.
The changes included modifying privacy settings on social media or using social media less often. But 15% said they had have avoided certain apps and 13% have uninstalled apps due to privacy concerns.
Powerful privacy tools
And one out of seven surveyed indicated they speak more in person instead of online or on the phone or avoid using certain terms in online communications.
"A notable share of Americans have taken specific technical steps to assert some control over their privacy and security, though most of them have done just simple things," the survey authors wrote.
"For instance, 25% of those who are aware of the surveillance programmes are using more complex passwords."
But Pew researchers found a majority of Americans did not take advantage of more powerful privacy tools such as encrypted email, proxy servers or anonymous search engines. In most cases, the respondents were unaware or these tools or felt they were too complicated to use.
For example, just 2% said they had used anonymity software such as Tor, with the vast majority either not considering its use or unaware of the tool.
The survey showed mixed views about the merits of government surveillance.
Nearly nine of out 10 surveyed said they had heard about the government monitoring and 52% said they were "very concerned" or "somewhat concerned" about the programmes.
But 46% said they were "not very concerned" or "not at all concerned".
Asked whether it was acceptable to monitor the communications of Americans, 57% said it was not, while 40% said it was okay.
But 54% said it was acceptable to monitor citizens of other countries, and 60% said they saw no objection to surveillance of American or foreign leaders. Eighty-two percent said surveillance of terrorism suspects was acceptable.
Some 475 US adults were surveyed between December 2014 and January 2015, Pew said, with a margin of error estimated at 5.6 percentage points.
