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London - The key to preventing a messy devaluation of Egypt's pound may lie with the country's households, whose dollar holdings are being eyed by foreign investors as a critical gauge of trust in the authorities.
Countless emerging market crises have shown over the decades that it is not the withdrawal of foreign investors from a market but the flight of local households and businesses from a currency that is instrumental in its collapse.
Egypt, despite months of upheaval, is not there yet.
But investors are watching closely for evidence of a significant rise in ordinary Egyptians' dollar holdings.
Households' dollarisation ratio - broadly, the level of foreign currency holdings as a proportion of money supply - was 15.5% at the end of October 2012, according to Bank of America-Merrill Lynch estimates, based on central bank data.
That will undoubtedly have gone up in recent weeks as panicky Egyptians have rushed out to buy dollars in the face of rising political turmoil and as the central bank has allowed the currency to fall - by 0.5% a day for the past week.
In Luxor, for example, a town that makes its living from the tourists who visit its Pharaonic temples, some taxi drivers have started asking for payment in euros or dollars.
But the household dollarisation ratio is still likely to be well below the 41 % ratio among companies, or the 33% household dollarisation levels seen back in 2004.
"Increased household dollarisation and a run on the currency, that's the big risk," says Jean Michel Saliba, BofA-Merrill Middle East economist, who estimates households account for more than 70% of deposits in the banking system.
In contrast, foreigners hold a mere 3-4% of the local bond market, according to other estimates from Barclays.
"If the (dollarisation) ratio goes back to the 2004 peak that would create additional demand for $15bn and will wipe out the central bank's reserves," Saliba says.
Trigger
What could precipitate such a move?
The central bank's decision to allow some weakening in the pound after spending two years and $20bn propping it up, has broadly been welcomed by economists and equity investors who say Egyptian exports need to become more competitive.
But this is a tightrope from which it is easy to fall.
Moved from a peg to a managed float in 2003, the pound has traded between 5.5-6 per dollar since then and citizens have enjoyed some reassurance from the central bank's sturdy defence of the exchange rate during the 2011-2012 turmoil.
But Egypt's hard currency reserves are at $15bn or below the three-month import cover deemed the minimum safe level, and that as forced it to embark on dollar auctions allowing the pound to sink to a series of record lows.
Around a third of the pound's depreciation since early-2011 has come in the past week and that may well have spooked households who hold over
£600bn ($93.05bn) in local currency bank savings.
"I felt (devaluation) was coming. So for hedging purposes I changed half my savings into dollars just a couple of days before the pound slump," said one Egyptian who works in the financial sector and who asked not to be named.
"I don't trust the current regime ... and see no opportunity for growth on the short term ... no hope," he said. "I think that the pound slump is not going to stop."
The risk is that other locals feel the same, viewing authorities' tacit acceptance of a weaker currency as a sign that they are no longer able to stabilise the situation, a story that has played out time and again in emerging markets, from Russia to Indonesia.
"It's not a question now of how much (the central bank has) in reserves ... their top priority is to prevent people from exchanging their pound savings into dollars," says Bartosz Pawlowski, a strategist at BNP Paribas in London
"That's something no central bank in the world can survive."
IMF
Most analysts expect the pound to fall at least to 7 per dollar while currency forwards are pricing it at 7.75/% in six months, a drop of 16% from current levels.
There are signs the currency would have fallen more already but for the shortage of dollar liquidity. Banks have slapped limits on deposit withdrawals and transaction fees on dollar purchases. Travellers can now carry a maximum $6 000 each while leaving the country.
"There is significant amount of financial repression that will artificially put on hold dollarisation," said Alia al-Moubayed, senior Barclays economist for the Middle East and North Africa.
Analysts agree that what stands in the way of massive household flight from the pound is the prospect of external aid, particularly from the International Monetary Fund which has sent an official to discuss the disbursement of a $4.8bn loan.
The problem is that the more fiscal reforms are delayed, the greater any currency adjustment will have to be. Second, many worry that Egypt's leaders, fearing further protests, will delay the austerity measures the IMF has set as loan conditions.
Barclays' Moubayed notes that currency forwards are pricing a significant depreciation but not a collapse.
"So far people seem to believe that an IMF deal could still be leveraged and the government will go ahead with reforms needed to get IMF and donor support," she said.
"(But) the scenario (of a disorderly devaluation) could yet happen if people perceive the government is unlikely to get the funding needed to avert a crisis."
Countless emerging market crises have shown over the decades that it is not the withdrawal of foreign investors from a market but the flight of local households and businesses from a currency that is instrumental in its collapse.
Egypt, despite months of upheaval, is not there yet.
But investors are watching closely for evidence of a significant rise in ordinary Egyptians' dollar holdings.
Households' dollarisation ratio - broadly, the level of foreign currency holdings as a proportion of money supply - was 15.5% at the end of October 2012, according to Bank of America-Merrill Lynch estimates, based on central bank data.
That will undoubtedly have gone up in recent weeks as panicky Egyptians have rushed out to buy dollars in the face of rising political turmoil and as the central bank has allowed the currency to fall - by 0.5% a day for the past week.
In Luxor, for example, a town that makes its living from the tourists who visit its Pharaonic temples, some taxi drivers have started asking for payment in euros or dollars.
But the household dollarisation ratio is still likely to be well below the 41 % ratio among companies, or the 33% household dollarisation levels seen back in 2004.
"Increased household dollarisation and a run on the currency, that's the big risk," says Jean Michel Saliba, BofA-Merrill Middle East economist, who estimates households account for more than 70% of deposits in the banking system.
In contrast, foreigners hold a mere 3-4% of the local bond market, according to other estimates from Barclays.
"If the (dollarisation) ratio goes back to the 2004 peak that would create additional demand for $15bn and will wipe out the central bank's reserves," Saliba says.
Trigger
What could precipitate such a move?
The central bank's decision to allow some weakening in the pound after spending two years and $20bn propping it up, has broadly been welcomed by economists and equity investors who say Egyptian exports need to become more competitive.
But this is a tightrope from which it is easy to fall.
Moved from a peg to a managed float in 2003, the pound has traded between 5.5-6 per dollar since then and citizens have enjoyed some reassurance from the central bank's sturdy defence of the exchange rate during the 2011-2012 turmoil.
But Egypt's hard currency reserves are at $15bn or below the three-month import cover deemed the minimum safe level, and that as forced it to embark on dollar auctions allowing the pound to sink to a series of record lows.
Around a third of the pound's depreciation since early-2011 has come in the past week and that may well have spooked households who hold over
£600bn ($93.05bn) in local currency bank savings.
"I felt (devaluation) was coming. So for hedging purposes I changed half my savings into dollars just a couple of days before the pound slump," said one Egyptian who works in the financial sector and who asked not to be named.
"I don't trust the current regime ... and see no opportunity for growth on the short term ... no hope," he said. "I think that the pound slump is not going to stop."
The risk is that other locals feel the same, viewing authorities' tacit acceptance of a weaker currency as a sign that they are no longer able to stabilise the situation, a story that has played out time and again in emerging markets, from Russia to Indonesia.
"It's not a question now of how much (the central bank has) in reserves ... their top priority is to prevent people from exchanging their pound savings into dollars," says Bartosz Pawlowski, a strategist at BNP Paribas in London
"That's something no central bank in the world can survive."
IMF
Most analysts expect the pound to fall at least to 7 per dollar while currency forwards are pricing it at 7.75/% in six months, a drop of 16% from current levels.
There are signs the currency would have fallen more already but for the shortage of dollar liquidity. Banks have slapped limits on deposit withdrawals and transaction fees on dollar purchases. Travellers can now carry a maximum $6 000 each while leaving the country.
"There is significant amount of financial repression that will artificially put on hold dollarisation," said Alia al-Moubayed, senior Barclays economist for the Middle East and North Africa.
Analysts agree that what stands in the way of massive household flight from the pound is the prospect of external aid, particularly from the International Monetary Fund which has sent an official to discuss the disbursement of a $4.8bn loan.
The problem is that the more fiscal reforms are delayed, the greater any currency adjustment will have to be. Second, many worry that Egypt's leaders, fearing further protests, will delay the austerity measures the IMF has set as loan conditions.
Barclays' Moubayed notes that currency forwards are pricing a significant depreciation but not a collapse.
"So far people seem to believe that an IMF deal could still be leveraged and the government will go ahead with reforms needed to get IMF and donor support," she said.
"(But) the scenario (of a disorderly devaluation) could yet happen if people perceive the government is unlikely to get the funding needed to avert a crisis."
