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Lucerne - Billionaire Marc Rich, who invented oil trading and was pardoned by then president Bill Clinton over tax evasion, racketeering and busting sanctions with Iran, died on Wednesday in Switzerland aged 78.
Rich fled the Holocaust with his parents for America to become the most successful and controversial trader of his time and a fugitive from US justice, enjoying decades of comfortable privacy at his sprawling Villa Rosa on Lake Lucerne.
Belgian-born Rich, whose trading group eventually became the global commodities powerhouse Glencore Xstrata, died in hospital from a stroke, spokesperson Christian Koenig said.
At the cream-painted, red-roofed villa, with views of the nearby mountains and grounds sloping down to the banks of the lake, security guards and other staff could be seen but there was no sign of family members.
"He will be brought to Israel for burial," Avner Azulay, managing director of the Marc Rich Foundation, said by telephone. Rich will be buried on Thursday at Kibbutz Einat cemetery near Tel Aviv.
Many of the biggest players in oil and metals trading trace their roots back to the swashbuckling Rich, whose triumph in the 1970s was to pioneer a spot market for crude oil, wresting business away from the world's big oil groups.
To his critics, he was a white-collar criminal, a serial sanctions breaker, whom they accused of building a fortune trading with revolutionary Iran, Muammar Gaddafi's Libya, apartheid-era South Africa, Nicolae Ceausescu's Romania, Fidel Castro's Cuba and Augusto Pinochet's Chile.
In interviews with journalist Daniel Ammann for his biography, "The King of Oil", the normally obsessively secretive Rich admitted to bribing officials in countries such as Nigeria and to assisting the Israeli intelligence agency, Mossad.
Explaining Rich's route to riches in an interview with Reuters in 2010, Ammann said: "He was faster and more aggressive than his competitors. He was able to recognise trends and seize opportunities before other traders. And he went where others feared to tread - geographically and morally."
A US government website once described Rich more simply, as "a white male, 177 centimetres in height ... wanted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the US Customs Service and the US Marshall Service." In 1983, he was on the FBI's 10 most wanted list indicted for tax evasion, fraud and racketeering. At the time, it was the biggest tax evasion case in US history.
Trust, loyalty and secrecy
Rich, who valued trust, loyalty, secrecy and persistence, always insisted he did nothing illegal and among those who lobbied Clinton on his behalf for his pardon were Israeli political heavyweights Ehud Barak and Shimon Peres.
On learning of the indictment plans, Rich fled to Switzerland to escape the charges, which included exploiting the US embargo against Iran, while it was holding US hostages, to make huge profits on illicit Iranian oil sales.
"Marc Rich is to asset concealment what Babe Ruth was to baseball," said Arthur J Roth, New York state commissioner of taxation and finance.
He remained under threat of a life sentence in a US jail until Clinton pardoned him during the last chaotic hours of his presidency, a move that provoked moral outrage and bewilderment amongst some politicians.
Rich's ex-wife, Denise, had donated funds for Clinton's presidential library. The former president later said the donation was not a factor in his decision and he had acted partly in response to a request from Israel. But he regretted granting the pardon, calling it "terrible politics".
"It wasn't worth the damage to my reputation," he told Newsweek magazine in 2002.
There was also scrutiny over the role of Eric Holder, now the attorney general and then a deputy attorney general who recommended the pardon.
Rudolph Giuliani, who had worked as a prosecutor on the Rich case before becoming New York Mayor, said in a statement: "Mark Rich committed serious crimes against the United States and then fled the country when he was called to account for his conduct. He should never have been pardoned."
"The fact that Bill Clinton and Eric Holder engineered a pardon for him - without input from me, as the US Attorney who prosecuted him, or Janet Reno, as Attorney General, will forever be a blemish on our justice system," Giuliani said.
'Artistry of a pool shark'
In one biography, "Metal Men: Marc Rich and the 10-billion-dollar Scam," author A Craig Copetas described Rich as "a beautifully sinister executive who could frame deals with the artistry of a pool shark".
Rich inherited his business acumen from his father, who became a millionaire by setting up an agricultural trading firm after emigrating to the United States.
Rich, who was born Marcell David Reich in Antwerp on December 18 1934, started his career at Philipp Brothers, a top global commodities trader after World War Two.
Posted to Madrid in the late 1960s, he found ways to bypass the "Seven Sisters" major oil companies which controlled world oil supplies, and is credited with inventing spot oil trading, which involves sale or purchase for immediate delivery.
While at Phibro, Rich foresaw the huge price increases imposed by the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries in 1973, earning big profits for the firm. However, he became infuriated by his pay and trading strictures.
He left in 1974 with a fellow graduate of the Phibro mailroom, Pincus "Pinky" Green, and set up Marc Rich and Co in Switzerland, a firm that would eventually become Glencore Xstrata.
Anger and ambition
His aim, according to Copetas, was "to grind Philipp Bros into oblivion," and he poured all his anger and ambition as well as his charm and gracious client demeanour into the new venture.
It became a highly successful trading firm and a much feared adversary in energy, metals, minerals, grains and sugar markets.
Rich later sold that company, which became Glencore International, and set up the Marc Rich Group. Rich was known for charitable donations through his Doron Foundation and to Zurich's Jewish community.
Glencore Xstrata Chief Executive Ivan Glasenberg said: "He was a friend and one of the great pioneers of the commodities trading industry, founding the company that became Glencore."
As well as his villa on the Swiss lake, Rich maintained houses in Marbella in Spain and in Israel.
Rich described himself as a keen tennis player, skier, alpinist and patron of the arts. Those who knew him said in private Rich was calm and charming with a sense of humour.
In later years, Rich's fortune dwindled after his property portfolio was hit by the Spanish housing crisis.
"I invested a lot of money there and because of the crisis also lost a lot, at least on paper," he told Swiss economic magazine Bilanz. Forbes put his wealth at $2.5bn.
Madoff connection
He also invested with Bernard Madoff, the financier later convicted of operating a huge pyramid scheme. Rich told one magazine that he had had a "strange feeling" about the investment and "got out with everything", although he said he lost some money through "indirect participation".
Rich once told Fortune magazine he was a normal person with an image problem. "I've been portrayed in a horrible way," he said, "as a workaholic, a loner, a money machine. It's not a true picture."
Nevertheless, to his enemies he remained a symbol of the monomaniacal pursuit of vast wealth.
"The smoking gun is greed," said Ken Hill, a US Marshall who hunted Rich around the world for more than a decade. "This is what Marc thrived on - the greed of those who had commodities and were in positions of influence and power."
Those who knew him say Rich never lost his appetite for a deal. He travelled to London earlier this month and had a dinner with several old friends, an old acquaintance told Reuters.
"He was doing well. He told me he was doing a little bit of business. 'I enjoy doing business,' he said."
