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Islamabad - Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif faces the first formal test of his economic policies this week during a visit by the International Monetary Fund. He has a long way to go.
Sharif swept to a landslide victory in May after promising to fix a sluggish economy whose growth has averaged 3% over the last five years. Voters are hungry for jobs. Power cuts and minimal social services trigger frequent violent protests.
Last month, the IMF saved Pakistan from a possible default by agreeing to loan it $6.7bn over three years, but its condition of quarterly reviews means the cash is not guaranteed.
A team led by the IMF's regional adviser, Jeffrey Franks, is visiting this week to see if Pakistan is trying to meet conditions intended to promote reforms.
The government has begun to tackle Pakistan's fiscal problems, but diplomats say true success will come only when tax evaders are punished.
Yousaf Nazar, a former head of Citigroup's equity investments unit, said previous governments had secured IMF help by emphasising the country's role as a vital ally in the Nato-led war in Afghanistan against Taliban insurgents.
"No government in Pakistan over the last 20 years has ever shown any intent to carry our serious reforms," Nazar said.
"The government is just exploiting Pakistan's position - playing the Taliban card - to get the US and IMF to continue to bail it out."
Eleven of 12 IMF programmes since 1998 have been scrapped or abandoned because Pakistan failed to institute reforms.
"Governments have tried to 'game' the IMF, and achieved partial success each time," two former Fund officials concluded in a recent paper.
This time round, Sharif has promised the IMF to privatise loss-making state industries, reform a faltering energy sector, expand Pakistan's tiny tax base and cut government borrowing.
Just 0.57% of Pakistani citizens paid income tax last year, contributing to one of the lowest tax-to-GDP ratios in the world. Public services are woefully underfunded.
Sharif plans to privatise 32 state-run companies, including two huge gas companies, the state oil company, several banks, the national airline and power distribution companies.
During Sharif's previous term as prime minister - ended by a coup in 1999 - he helped privatise several banks, said Muhammad Jameel, executive vice president at United Bank.
"Now we have a good banking sector that is about 85 percent private," he said. "The global financial crisis hardly touched us."
Pakistan's foreign exchange reserves have dwindled to about $4bn, or the equivalent of four week's worth of imports, and several large repayments fall due in the next six months.
Many economists argued that the IMF loan package had aimed to save Pakistan from the consequences of its financial recklessness because the nuclear-armed nation of 180 million was considered too important to fail.
Seeking stability
But considerations over Afghanistan also matter. Western allies want to use Pakistan as a route to withdraw equipment from Afghanistan during the Nato drawdown in 2014, and are keen to ensure political stability.
Daily blackouts have crippled the economy, knocking two percentage points off annual GDP last year.
Sharif has started to tackle the problem by paying off government debts to energy companies and slashing populist subsidies for power. But the debts are already piling back up.
Potential investors worry that the country's gas and electricity regulators move at a glacial pace. Some also fear the government may hold a fire sale, with state-owned assets stripped of liabilities and sold cheaply to cronies.
Industrial power customers now pay higher rates but hikes for domestic consumers are being held up by an activist Supreme Court. Rival political parties have denounced the increases.
"The previous government took little action over the last five years, but this one seems to be trying to come to grips with the problem," said Jamil Masud, director of energy consultancy Hagler Bailly Pakistan. "It's unclear yet if they will or not."
