Cannes - Germany and France pressed Greece on Wednesday to make up its mind fast whether it wants to stay in the eurozone, after a shock decision to call a referendum on a European Union/International Monetary Fund (IMF) bailout caused panic on global markets.
French President Nicolas Sarkozy and Germany's Angela Merkel summoned George Papandreou for emergency talks with top European Union officials in Cannes on the eve of a summit of the Group of 20 major world economies that has been upstaged by the surprise Greek move.
Paris and Berlin said they would push the Greek Prime Minister for rapid implementation of measures to tackle the currency area's debt crisis that Athens has thrown into doubt.
Papandreou made no comment on arrival for a dinner at which he was expected to hear Europe's anger at his unilateral decision to call a public vote without informing the EU partners who are aiding his debt-stricken country.
The French and German leaders met first with the heads of EU institutions and the IMF to discuss how to limit the damage from the Greek decision and apply pressure for a swift outcome.
EU and IMF board sources said Greece would not receive an urgently needed €8bn aid instalment, due this month, until after the vote because official creditors wanted to be sure Athens would stick to its austerity programme.
European Commission president Jose Manuel Barroso delivered this message to Papandreou before his arrival in Cannes, EU sources said.
This was after the Greek prime minister sent a letter to EU leaders saying he wanted to negotiate the details of the second package before the referendum. The letter angered European officials, raising the level of mistrust towards Greece.
Hours before the crunch meeting in the building that hosts the annual Cannes film festival, French Prime Minister Francois Fillon told parliament: "Europe cannot be kept waiting for weeks for the outcome of the referendum.
"The Greeks must say quickly and without ambiguity whether they choose to keep their place in the eurozone or not."
German Chancellor Merkel struck the same tone of exasperation and impatience as Fillon before flying to Cannes.
"We agreed a plan for Greece last week. We want to put this plan into practice, but for this we need clarity and the meeting tonight should help with precisely this," she said.
Opinion polls suggest most Greeks think the €130bn deal thrashed out by eurozone leaders last week is a bad one.
But much will depend on how Papandreou frames the debate, either on the bailout - and the painful cuts it demands - or membership of the euro, which remains popular.
A Greek government spokesperson said the referendum would be about the bailout deal, not staying in the euro. But another government source said the subject and timing of the vote would only be decided on Papandreou's return from Cannes.
French officials said Papandreou would be pressed to put the bailout deal to parliament before the referendum, in hopes of reassuring financial markets, and to hold the plebiscite by mid-December to avoid months of uncertainty.
A German Finance Ministry spokesperson said Greece apparently had enough money to keep running until mid-December, when it has to redeem more than €6bn in debt.
Weeks of uncertainty
Sarkozy's office said several eurozone leaders attending the G20, including the Spanish and Italian prime ministers, would meet on Thursday morning in Cannes.
In fresh signs of the market turmoil unleashed by the Greek move, the eurozone's EFSF rescue fund, which lends money to troubled member states, was forced to put on hold plans to raise €3bn in the bond market.
And Italy's financial stability panel said some Italian banks were having difficulty raising money on international markets.
Asian G20 members piled pressure on Europe to tackle the crisis before it wreaks serious harm on the world economy.
China's Deputy Finance Minister Zhu Guangyao said he hoped the uncertainty over the Greek referendum could be contained, adding that Beijing could not consider investing more in the eurozone's bailout fund given the lack of detail on proposals to leverage it.
South Korean President Lee Myung-bak said the G20 must act swiftly and boldly to contain the crisis, which was spilling over to the rest of the world.
Win or lose, Papandreou's gamble guarantees weeks of uncertainty just as the 17-nation European currency area is desperate for a period of calm to implement the remedies agreed to corral its sovereign debt crisis.
Some in Papandreou's party called for him to quit, accusing him of endangering euro membership with his shock decision to call a popular vote, a move that pummelled the euro and stocks.
The Socialist prime minister battled late into the night to win cabinet support, giving him at least a stay of execution before a confidence vote in parliament on Friday.
"The referendum will be a clear mandate and a clear message inside and outside Greece on our European course and participation in the euro," Papandreou told a seven-hour cabinet meeting that ended early on Wednesday.
European Commission chief Jose Manuel Barroso urged Greeks to unite in support of the bailout plan, warning that the alternative would be too ghastly to predict.
"Without the agreement of Greece to the EU/IMF programme, the conditions for Greek citizens would become much more painful, in particular for the most vulnerable. The consequences would be impossible to foresee," he said.
If Papandreou loses the vote, Greece faces a disorderly default which would hammer Europe's banks and threaten the much larger economies of Italy and Spain, which the bloc may not have the means to bail out.
The chairperson of eurozone finance ministers, Jean-Claude Juncker, said Greece could go bankrupt if voters rejected the bailout package and Japanese Finance Minister Jun Azumi said: "Everyone is bewildered."
Juncker, Barroso, European Council President Herman Van Rompuy, IMF chief Christine Lagarde and a senior European Central Bank official attended Wednesday's talks in the southern French resort town.
ECB in spotlight
Doubt about Europe's ability to contain the debt crisis has once more sent markets into a spin and put Italy firmly in the firing line.
The risk premium on Italian bonds over safe haven German Bunds hit a euro-lifetime high on Tuesday, despite European Central Bank (ECB) buying of its bonds.
Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi scrambled to come up with measures to placate markets, holding an emergency cabinet meeting to accelerate budget reforms amid mounting calls for his resignation.
Ireland's finance minister said the ECB would be forced to pledge "a wall of money" to buy bonds, something many of its policymakers are deeply uncomfortable about.
Until the Greek situation is clearer, last week's package of measures is likely to be in limbo, leaving the ECB as the only bulwark against market attacks.
The head of Germany's banking association, Michael Kemmer, said agreement on a 50% writedown of Greek debt by its private creditors would have to wait. "I can't imagine a debt exchange taking place before the referendum," he said.
But the man representing banks in the negotiations on a "voluntary" writedown, Charles Dallara of the Institute of International Finance, said it was continuing to work on technical details of the plan.